Ұбайдулла ибн Масғуд: тұлғасы, ілімі және «әт-Таузих фи халли ғауамид әт-Танқих» еңбегінің фиқһ ғылымындағы рөлі

Abstract

This article examines the philosophical and legal legacy of Sadr al-Shari‘a al-Saghir – Ubaydullah ibnMas‘ud al-Mahbubi al-Bukhari, one of the prominent representatives of fourteenth-century Central AsianMuslim thought and an authoritative scholar of the Hanafi school of law. The main objective of the study is toidentify the scholar’s contribution to the development of Islamic legal philosophy and the science of usul alfiqh, with particular attention to the analysis of the rational and logical methods employed in his work AtTawdih fi Halli Ghawamid at-Tanqih. The article considers Sadr al-Shari‘a’s scholarly worldview through theinterrelationship of Islamic legal thought, kalam theology, and rational philosophy. The study provides information about the historical and cultural environment in which the scholar lived, his scholarly school,teachers, and students, and analyzes issues of logic, kalam, epistemology, and legal methodology found in hisworks. Particular attention is given to the extensive use of logical elements, methods of argumentation, systematization of concepts, and rational analytical approaches in At-Tanqih and At-Tawdih. In explaining legalissues, the scholar relied on a system of logical reasoning and sought to provide a philosophical foundationfor the structure of legal proofs. In addition, the article examines Sadr al-Shari‘a’s connection with the science of kalam. It demonstrates that his works address such Islamic theological and philosophical issues as therelationship between reason and revelation, the epistemological foundations of Sharia rulings, and the free-dom and responsibility of human actions. The scholar placed particular emphasis on the harmony betweenreason and transmitted sources in the interpretation of Sharia texts, thereby contributing to the development ofrationalism in Islamic legal theory. This clearly reflects the continuity between legal philosophy and the tradition of Islamic rational thought in his scholarly heritage. The study concludes that At-Tawdih is one of themost important theoretical and philosophical works in the science of usul al-fiqh. The work is regarded as asignificant scholarly legacy that had a substantial impact on the development of logical analysis within Islamic legal thought, the refinement of methods for interpreting legal texts, and the incorporation of kalam and rationalist approaches into legal theory.